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The carbonate hardness (KH) or alkalinity* of a water sample characterises the buffering capacity, i.e. the ability to maintain the pH value of the water. It is primarily defined by the proportion of hydrogen carbonate ions in the water. As the pH value increases, other basic ions such as the hydroxide ions also contribute to the alkalinity. The alkalinity should be tested in all aquariums regularly. If the alkalinity in the aquarium is too low, the pH value can sink (sudden drop in acidity) to a level which is life-threatening for many fish and invertebrates. In reef aquariums, an adequate alkalinity is essential for strong coral growth. On the other hand, an overly high alkalinity in saltwater tanks can lead to lime precipitates and also have a negative impact on coral growth.
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